HBP
What is HBP?
HBP (Heparin-Binding Protein) is a granule protein of neutrophil origin, mainly stored in azurophilic granules and to a lesser extent in secretory vesicles, HBP is a member of the serine protease family and has no protease activity. HBP is also known as azurocidin, or Cationic Antimicrobial Protein 37 (CAP37).The specific functions of HBP are shown below:
① Increased permeability of vascular endothelial cells.
② Regulation of monocyte/macrophage function.
③ Actions on tissue cells, e.g. induces migration of fibroblasts and corneal epithelial cells and also activates protein kinase C in corneal epithelial cells.
HBP secretion from azurophilic granules at the focus of infection indicates its antimicrobial effect, which contributes to the activation of monocytes and other inflammatory mediators. Increased plasma concentration of HBP correlates with severity of severe sepsis and septic shock.
Clinical application of HBP
When acute bacterial infection occurs, the concentration of HBP in the blood can increase significantly within 1-2 hours, while in viral infection, HBP does not increase or increases slightly.HBP also acts as a pathogenic factor, and the concentration of HBP decreases quickly after the patient receives effective treatment. Therefore, the measurement of HBP in patients' blood can assist in the clinical diagnosis and prediction of acute bacterial infections, the judgement of the severity of the infection, and the monitoring of the efficacy of antibiotics.
Compared with CRP, HBP can more quickly and effectively assist in the diagnosis of local bacterial infections in the respiratory tract; HBP is faster and more specific than PCT in the early stage of bloodstream infections; HBP is more closely related to bacterial infections than other indicators of infectious diseases currently in use, and is of great clinical value in the early warning of infectious diseases, the prediction of the assessment and observation of the efficacy of treatment.
Specific clinical applications of HBP are shown below:
① HBP, as an acute temporal protein, is a useful biomarker for assessing disease severity in sepsis patients, and is even more important in the early diagnosis and outcome monitoring of septic shock patients.
② HBP is the best marker to predict the progression of severe infection-induced organ dysfunction syndrome.
③ HBP has a higher sensitivity and specificity than other indicators in the diagnosis of sepsis and septic shock.HBP predicts sepsis 72 hours in advance and provides early warning of organ dysfunction, shock.
④ HBP is the best marker for the diagnosis of urinary tract infections compared to other markers; HBP has a clear advantage in differentiating cystitis from pyelonephritis.
⑤ As an indicator for the detection of bacterial infection secondary to SAP, the increase in HBP levels is more pronounced than the change in PCT levels, which is more favourable for the assessment of bacterial infection secondary to SAP.
⑥ In the diagnosis of paediatric respiratory bacterial infections, HBP has a higher diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for paediatric respiratory bacterial infections compared to PCT.
Factors affecting HBP
Although the rise in HBP levels is mainly caused by early infectious diseases, there may be other reasons for high HBP levels, the main causes of which are shown below:
Bacterial Infection
(Localised infections, Urinary tract infections and Sepsis)
Infectious Shock
Circulatory exhaustion
(HBP may also be increased in septic patients with circulatory failure, and may also be elevated due to infection, which may stimulate the secretion of HBP from neutrophils)
Coagulation disorders
Trauma
(Localised haematoma)
Summary
HBP is a granule protein released by neutrophils.HBP, as a new clinical inflammation marker, has the advantages of high sensitivity and high specificity.How to combine HBP with traditional inflammation markers to find indicators that can be used to diagnose infectious diseases in a more rapid, specific, and sensitive way still needs further research.
The ReLIA HBP Immunoassay is CE-marked cleared. For more details on ReLIA HBP Immunoassay products and prices please contact us at marketing@ReLIAchina.com
References
[1] Linder A,Lee T,Fisher J,et al.Short -Term Organ Dysfunction Is Associated With Long -Term (10-Yr) Mortality of Septic Shock[J].Crit Care Med,2016,44(8):e728 -e736.
[2] Muller W A.Getting Leukocytes to the Site of Inflammation[J].Vet Pathol,2013,50(8):7-22.
[3] L in Q,Shen J,Shen L,et al.Increased plasma levels of heparin -binding protein in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome[J].Crit Care,2013,17(8):R155.
[4] Johansson J,Brattstrom O,Sjöberg F,et al.Heparin -binding protein(HBP): an early marker of respiratory failure after trauma? [J].Acta Anaesthesiol Scand,2013,57(5):580 -586.
[5] Chew M S,Linder A,Santen S,et al.Increased plasma levels of heparin-binding protein in patients with shock: a prospective, cohort study[J].Inflamm Res,2012,61(4):375-379.
[6] Muller W A.Getting Leukocytes to the Site of Inflammation[J].Vet Pathol,2013,50(1):7-22.
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